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-uozssuffixnominalinanimate15/06/2026

-uoz

GEN.SG -uozg DAT.SG -úza NOM.PL -uoze

creates verbal nouns; -ation, -ition, -tion, -ing

	singular	plural
nominative	-uozs -uoz	-uoze -uozɛ
vocative	-uozse -uozɛ
genitive	direct (ɢᴇɴ₁)	-uozg -uozɡ	-úziris -uːziris
relational (ɢᴇɴ₂)	-úzis -uːzis
dative	-úza -uːza	-úzirín -uːziriːn
accusative	-uozd -uozd	-úzirid -uːzirid
instrumental	-úzúr -uːzuːr	-úziríe -uːziriːɛ

From Middle Radestrian -úzz, from Old Radestrian -ūðs, from Proto-Radic *-ūðs (action noun), from Proto-Hirdic *-ūdhɯs, from Proto-Laenkean *-ɯwdʱ- (gerund).

úrnumeral15/06/2026

uːr

GEN.SG vív, vjø ADJ uiș

five (5)

Coordinate forms: oe- (prefix), vjeiș (ordinal)

	singular
nominative	úr uːr
vocative	úse ˈuːsɛ
genitive	vív^△, vjø^△ viːv vjœ
dative	oa ɔa
accusative	úd uːd
instrumental	oúr ˈɔ.uːr

The genitive form vjø is used with a following noun, whereas vív is used pronominally or emphatically.

From Proto-Radic *lōr, from Proto-Hirdic *lóḡus, from the Proto-Laenkean root *log- (five).

às, rvaus, ljere, ár, nars, ljájr, dries, fyes, sjaus

usarticle30/05/2026

ɤs

Homophones: as

the (animate relational genitive singular)

See u.

-us¹suffixnominal27/05/2026

-ɤs

Homophones: -us²

GEN.SG -vu NOM.PL -ui

1. derives like things

Synonym: an-¹

2.chemistry derives substances; -ine, -in

3.taxonomy derives members of tribes; -in

lyejþs → lyejðus human → hominin

	singular	plural
nominative	-us -ɤs	-ui -ɤi
vocative	-use -usɛ
genitive	direct (ɢᴇɴ₁)	-vu -vu	-viris -viris
relational (ɢᴇɴ₂)	-vis -vis
dative	-va -va	-virín -viriːn
accusative	-ud -ɤd	-virid -virid
instrumental	-vúr -vuːr	-viríe -viriːɛ

Back-formed from nominalisations of -liș.

-us²suffixnominal27/05/2026

-ɤs

Homophones: -us¹

GEN.SG -ug DAT.SG -ova NOM.PL -ui

forms the names of rivers + stem vowel breaking

	singular	plural
nominative	-us -ɤs	-ui -ɤi
vocative	-ûse -ɤsɛ
genitive	direct (ɢᴇɴ₁)	-ug -ɤɡ	-uiris -ɤiris
relational (ɢᴇɴ₂)	-uis -ɤis
dative	-ova -ɔva	-uirín -ɤiriːn
accusative	-ud -ɤd	-uirid -ɤirid
instrumental	-ovúr -ɔvuːr	-uiríe -ɤiriːɛ

From Proto-Radic *-howur, from the Proto-Laenkean root *hoʔ- (river).

úsotíșadjectiveuncomparable06/06/2026

ˈuːsɔtiːʃ

ADV úsotỉ

direct

singular	plural
inanimate	animate
úsotíș ˈuːsɔtiːʃ	úsotíșe ˈuːsɔtiːʃɛ
postposed definite article enclisis
a	a’	ag	ai	i	u
úsotíșa ˈuːsɔtiːʃa	úsotíșa’ ˈuːsɔtiːʃa	úsotíșag ˈuːsɔtiːʃaɡ	úsotíșai ˈuːsɔtiːʃai	úsotíșei, úsotíși (colloquial) ˈuːsɔtiːʃei ˈuːsɔtiːʃi	úsotíșu ˈuːsɔtiːʃu

	singular	plural
inanimate	animate
nominative	úsotjeșe ˈuːsɔtʃɛʃɛ
vocative
genitive	direct (ɢᴇɴ₁)	úsotjeșk ˈuːsɔtʃɛʃk	úsotíșesk ˈuːsɔtiːʃɛsk	úsotíșeris ˈuːsɔtiːʃɛris
relational (ɢᴇɴ₂)	úsotíșes ˈuːsɔtiːʃɛs
dative	úsotíșa ˈuːsɔtiːʃa	úsotíșen ˈuːsɔtiːʃɛn	úsotíșerín ˈuːsɔtiːʃɛriːn
accusative	úsotjeșt ˈuːsɔtʃɛʃt	úsotíșest ˈuːsɔtiːʃɛst	úsotíșerid ˈuːsɔtiːʃɛrid
instrumental	úsotíșúr ˈuːsɔtiːʃuːr	úsotíșevúr ˈuːsɔtiːʃɛvuːr	úsotíșeríe ˈuːsɔtiːʃɛriːɛ

From Middle Radestrian úashutíș, equivalent to ú- + asotíș (indirect).

úsvolektevíșadjectiveuncomparable07/06/2026

ˈuːsvɔlɛktɛviːʃ

ADV úsvolekteve

illegible

Antonym: svolektevíș

singular	plural
inanimate	animate
úsvolektevíș ˈuːsvɔlɛktɛviːʃ	úsvolektevíșe ˈuːsvɔlɛktɛviːʃɛ
postposed definite article enclisis
a	a’	ag	ai	i	u
úsvolektevíșa ˈuːsvɔlɛktɛviːʃa	úsvolektevíșa’ ˈuːsvɔlɛktɛviːʃa	úsvolektevíșag ˈuːsvɔlɛktɛviːʃaɡ	úsvolektevíșai ˈuːsvɔlɛktɛviːʃai	úsvolektevíșei, úsvolektevíși (colloquial) ˈuːsvɔlɛktɛviːʃei ˈuːsvɔlɛktɛviːʃi	úsvolektevíșu ˈuːsvɔlɛktɛviːʃu

	singular	plural
inanimate	animate
nominative	úsvolektevjeșe ˈuːsvɔlɛktɛvjɛʃɛ
vocative
genitive	direct (ɢᴇɴ₁)	úsvolektevjeșk ˈuːsvɔlɛktɛvjɛʃk	úsvolektevíșesk ˈuːsvɔlɛktɛviːʃɛsk	úsvolektevíșeris ˈuːsvɔlɛktɛviːʃɛris
relational (ɢᴇɴ₂)	úsvolektevíșes ˈuːsvɔlɛktɛviːʃɛs
dative	úsvolektevíșa ˈuːsvɔlɛktɛviːʃa	úsvolektevíșen ˈuːsvɔlɛktɛviːʃɛn	úsvolektevíșerín ˈuːsvɔlɛktɛviːʃɛriːn
accusative	úsvolektevjeșt ˈuːsvɔlɛktɛvjɛʃt	úsvolektevíșest ˈuːsvɔlɛktɛviːʃɛst	úsvolektevíșerid ˈuːsvɔlɛktɛviːʃɛrid
instrumental	úsvolektevíșúr ˈuːsvɔlɛktɛviːʃuːr	úsvolektevíșevúr ˈuːsvɔlɛktɛviːʃɛvuːr	úsvolektevíșeríe ˈuːsvɔlɛktɛviːʃɛriːɛ

ú- + svolektevíș

ýpreposition+ accusative25/05/2026

Homophones: i

1.spatial through

2.abstract by (passive agent)

3.temporal during, throughout; for (a duration)

Synonym: ljat²

ýeconjunction+ disjunctive24/05/2026

ˈiːɛ

1.because, as, since, for

Note: usually followed by the indicative, though in certain cases where the reason is hypothetical, it can be followed by the subjunctive

2.+ optative so that

Synonym: kaore

	singular	plural
inclusive	exclusive
first	ýei ˈiːei	ýes ˈiːɛs	ýete ˈiːɛtɛ
second	ýen ˈiːɛn	ýe ˈiːɛ
third	ýeș ˈiːɛʃ

ý (through) + e (that)

valișadjectivecomparable10/05/2026

ˈvaliʃ

COMP vleuobș

black

degree	form
positive	valiș ˈvaliʃ
comparative	vleuobș^△ vlɛˈuopʃ
superlative	vleúvaș^△ vlɛˈuːvaʃ
excessive	vleâbyș^△ ˈvlɛ.ɤbiʃ

singular	plural
inanimate	animate
valiș ˈvaliʃ	valișe ˈvaliʃɛ
postposed definite article enclisis
a	a’	ag	ai	i	u
valișa ˈvaliʃa	valișa’ ˈvaliʃa	valișag ˈvaliʃaɡ	valișai ˈvaliʃai	valișei, valiși (colloquial) ˈvaliʃei ˈvaliʃi	valișu ˈvaliʃu

	singular	plural
inanimate	animate
nominative	valișe ˈvaliʃɛ
vocative
genitive	direct (ɢᴇɴ₁)	valișk ˈvaliʃk	valișesk ˈvaliʃɛsk	valișeris vaˈliʃɛris
relational (ɢᴇɴ₂)	valișes ˈvaliʃɛs
dative	valișa ˈvaliʃa	valișen ˈvaliʃɛn	valișerín vaˈliʃɛriːn
accusative	valișt ˈvaliʃt	valișest ˈvaliʃɛst	valișerid vaˈliʃɛrid
instrumental	valișúr ˈvaliʃuːr	valișevúr vaˈliʃɛvuːr	valișeríe vaˈliʃɛriːɛ

From Middle Radestrian valiș, vleș, from Old Radestrian wališjer, wlešjer, from Proto-Radic *wals, *wališjir, *wlèšjir, *wlèšjišjir, from the Proto-Laenkean root *wal- (black).

valzdilesnoun★ word of the dayinanimatecountable29/05/2026

ˈvalzdilɛs

GEN.SG valzdilig DAT.SG valzdileva NOM.PL valzdilei GEN₂.PL valzdiljes

grammar instrumental case

Hypernym: verșe (case)

	singular	plural
nominative	valzdiles ˈvalzdilɛs	valzdilei ˈvalzdilei
vocative	valzdilese valzˈdilɛsɛ
genitive	direct (ɢᴇɴ₁)	valzdilig ˈvalzdiliɡ	valzdilíris ˈvalzdiliːris
relational (ɢᴇɴ₂)	valzdiljes ˈvalzdi.ɛs
dative	valzdileva valzˈdilɛva	valzdilírín ˈvalzdiliːriːn
accusative	valzdiled ˈvalzdilɛd	valzdilírid ˈvalzdiliːrid
instrumental	valzdilevúr valzˈdilɛvuːr	valzdilíríe ˈvalzdiliːriːɛ

valzde (device) + -les

vámtverbtransitive21/06/2026

vaːmt

NPST.1S vánui NPST.3P vaonvú PST.1S vaomei PRESPART vámivú PSPART vámúl

1. to want

Ú vánui veniș spjast. I want a new bag.

1.with e + optative

Vaomeș, ei ran-ast dvanvú. He wanted me to tell you.

2.auxiliary to want to

Ú vánui ran voí rembleșeș halvust vámt. I just want to wish you a happy birthday.

2. to wish (someone = + dative, something = + accusative)

Ú vánui ran voí rembleșeș halvust vámt. I just want to wish you a happy birthday.

3. to wish for

Synonym: anvámt

nonfinite forms
infinitive	vámt vaːmt
connegative	vámta ˈvaːmta
supine	vámtúr ˈvaːmtuːr
participle	present	adjectival	vámiș ˈvaːmiʃ
adverbial	vámivú ˈvaːmivuː
past	adjectival	vámúș ˈvaːmuːʃ
adverbial	vámúl ˈvaːmuːl
finite forms	singular	plural
first	second	third	disjunctive	first	second	third	disjunctive
informal	formal	inclusive	exclusive
ú	re	lește	vâs, vara	gjei, gjen, gjeș …	dzun, sted	dzate	sjáște	vír, vara	gjes, gjete, gje …
simple	imperative		vánua ˈvaːnu.a	vánvúș ˈvaːnvuːʃ		vaonvuoș ˈvɔːnvuoʃ		vánvovú ˈvaːnvɔvuː
indicative	non-past	vánui ˈvaːnɤi	vánva ˈvaːnva	vámș vaːmʃ	vánu ˈvaːnu	vaonvuos ˈvɔːnvuos	vaonvuote ˈvɔːnvuotɛ	vaonvú ˈvɔːnvuː
past	vaomei ˈvɔːmei	vaomen ˈvɔːmɛn	vaomeș ˈvɔːmɛʃ	vaome ˈvɔːmɛ	vaomuos ˈvɔːmuos	vaomuote ˈvɔːmuotɛ	vaomú ˈvɔːmuː
subjunctive	non-past	vánvai ˈvaːnvai	vánvá ˈvaːnvaː	vánvaș ˈvaːnvaʃ	vánva ˈvaːnva	vánvavuos ˈvaːnvavuos	vánvavuote ˈvaːnvavuotɛ	vánvavú ˈvaːnvavuː
past	vaomai ˈvɔːmai	vaomain ˈvɔːmain	vaomaiș ˈvɔːmaiʃ	vaomai ˈvɔːmai	vaomavuos ˈvɔːmavuos	vaomavuote ˈvɔːmavuotɛ	vaomavú ˈvɔːmavuː
optative	non-past	vánvúe ˈvaːnvuːɛ	vánvova ˈvaːnvɔva	vánvúș ˈvaːnvuːʃ	vánvú ˈvaːnvuː	vánvovuos ˈvaːnvɔvuos	vánvovuote ˈvaːnvɔvuotɛ	vánvovú ˈvaːnvɔvuː
past	vaomevei ˈvɔːmɛvei	vaomeven ˈvɔːmɛvɛn	vaomeveș ˈvɔːmɛvɛʃ	vaomeve ˈvɔːmɛvɛ	vaomevuos ˈvɔːmɛvuos	vaomevuote ˈvɔːmɛvuotɛ	vaomevú ˈvɔːmɛvuː
habitual	indicative	non-past	vánuriè, vámbriè (literary) ˈvaːnuri.ɛ ˈvaːmbri.ɛ	vánurin, vámbrin (literary) ˈvaːnurin ˈvaːmbrin	vánuriș, vámbriș (literary) ˈvaːnuriʃ ˈvaːmbriʃ	vánuri, vámbri (literary) ˈvaːnuri ˈvaːmbri	vaonvúris ˈvɔːnvuːris	vaonvúrite ˈvɔːnvuːritɛ	vaonvúri ˈvɔːnvuːri
past	vaomeriè ˈvɔːmɛri.ɛ	vaomerin ˈvɔːmɛrin	vaomeriș ˈvɔːmɛriʃ	vaomeri ˈvɔːmɛri	vaomúris ˈvɔːmuːris	vaomúrite ˈvɔːmuːritɛ	vaomúri ˈvɔːmuːri
subjunctive	non-past	vánvariè ˈvaːnvari.ɛ	vánvarin ˈvaːnvarin	vánvariș ˈvaːnvariʃ	vánvari ˈvaːnvari	vánvavúris ˈvaːnvavuːris	vánvavúrite ˈvaːnvavuːritɛ	vánvavúri ˈvaːnvavuːri
past	vaomairiè ˈvɔːmairi.ɛ	vaomairin ˈvɔːmairin	vaomairiș ˈvɔːmairiʃ	vaomairi ˈvɔːmairi	vaomavúris ˈvɔːmavuːris	vaomavúrite ˈvɔːmavuːritɛ	vaomavúri ˈvɔːmavuːri
optative	non-past	vánvúriè ˈvaːnvuːri.ɛ	vánvúrin ˈvaːnvuːrin	vánvúriș ˈvaːnvuːriʃ	vánvúri ˈvaːnvuːri	vánvovúris ˈvaːnvɔvuːris	vánvovúrite ˈvaːnvɔvuːritɛ	vánvovúri ˈvaːnvɔvuːri
past	vaomeveriè ˈvɔːmɛvɛri.ɛ	vaomeverin ˈvɔːmɛvɛrin	vaomeveriș ˈvɔːmɛvɛriʃ	vaomeveri ˈvɔːmɛvɛri	vaomevúris ˈvɔːmɛvuːris	vaomevúrite ˈvɔːmɛvuːritɛ	vaomevúri ˈvɔːmɛvuːri

nonfinite forms
infinitive	vámbruot ˈvaːmbruot
connegative	vámbruota ˈvaːmbruota
supine	vámbruotúr ˈvaːmbruotuːr
participle	present	adjectival	vámbruviș ˈvaːmbruviʃ
adverbial	vámbruvivú ˈvaːmbruvivuː
past	adjectival	vámuokș ˈvaːmuokʃ
adverbial	vámúk ˈvaːmuːk
finite forms	singular	plural
first	second	third	disjunctive	first	second	third	disjunctive
informal	formal	inclusive	exclusive
ú	re	lește	vâs, vara	gjei, gjen, gjeș …	dzun, sted	dzate	sjáște	vír, vara	gjes, gjete, gje …
simple	imperative		vánurúa, vámbrúa (literary) ˈvaːnuruːa ˈvaːmbruːa	vánuruvúș, vámbruvúș (literary) ˈvaːnuruvuːʃ ˈvaːmbruvuːʃ		vánuruvuoș, vámbruvuoș (literary) ˈvaːnuruvuoʃ ˈvaːmbruvuoʃ		vánuruvovú, vámbruvovú (literary) ˈvaːnuruvɔvuː ˈvaːmbruvɔvuː
indicative	non-past	vánurúe, vámbrúe (literary) ˈvaːnuruːɛ ˈvaːmbruːɛ	vánuruva, vámbruva (literary) ˈvaːnuruva ˈvaːmbruva	vánurúș, vámbrúș (literary) ˈvaːnuruːʃ ˈvaːmbruːʃ	vánurú, vámbrú (literary) ˈvaːnuruː ˈvaːmbruː	vánuruvuos, vámbruvuos (literary) ˈvaːnuruvuos ˈvaːmbruvuos	vánuruvuote, vámbruvuote (literary) ˈvaːnuruvuotɛ ˈvaːmbruvuotɛ	vánuruvú, vámbruvú (literary) ˈvaːnuruvuː ˈvaːmbruvuː
past	vaombruvei ˈvɔːmbruvei	vaombruven ˈvɔːmbruvɛn	vaombruveș ˈvɔːmbruvɛʃ	vaombruve ˈvɔːmbruvɛ	vaombruvuos ˈvɔːmbruvuos	vaombruvuote ˈvɔːmbruvuotɛ	vaombruvú ˈvɔːmbruvuː
subjunctive	non-past	vánuruvai, vámbruvai (literary) ˈvaːnuruvai ˈvaːmbruvai	vánuruvá, vámbruvá (literary) ˈvaːnuruvaː ˈvaːmbruvaː	vánuruvaș, vámbruvaș (literary) ˈvaːnuruvaʃ ˈvaːmbruvaʃ	vánuruva, vámbruva (literary) ˈvaːnuruva ˈvaːmbruva	vánuruvavuos, vámbruvavuos (literary) ˈvaːnuruvavuos ˈvaːmbruvavuos	vánuruvavuote, vámbruvavuote (literary) ˈvaːnuruvavuotɛ ˈvaːmbruvavuotɛ	vánuruvavú, vámbruvavú (literary) ˈvaːnuruvavuː ˈvaːmbruvavuː
past	vaombruvai ˈvɔːmbruvai	vaombruvain ˈvɔːmbruvain	vaombruvaiș ˈvɔːmbruvaiʃ	vaombruvai ˈvɔːmbruvai	vaombruvavuos ˈvɔːmbruvavuos	vaombruvavuote ˈvɔːmbruvavuotɛ	vaombruvavú ˈvɔːmbruvavuː
optative	non-past	vánuruvúe, vámbruvúe (literary) ˈvaːnuruvuːɛ ˈvaːmbruvuːɛ	vánuruvova, vámbruvova (literary) ˈvaːnuruvɔva ˈvaːmbruvɔva	vánuruvúș, vámbruvúș (literary) ˈvaːnuruvuːʃ ˈvaːmbruvuːʃ	vánuruvú, vámbruvú (literary) ˈvaːnuruvuː ˈvaːmbruvuː	vánuruvovuos, vámbruvovuos (literary) ˈvaːnuruvɔvuos ˈvaːmbruvɔvuos	vánuruvovuote, vámbruvovuote (literary) ˈvaːnuruvɔvuotɛ ˈvaːmbruvɔvuotɛ	vánuruvovú, vámbruvovú (literary) ˈvaːnuruvɔvuː ˈvaːmbruvɔvuː
past	vaombruvevei ˈvɔːmbruvɛvei	vaombruveven ˈvɔːmbruvɛvɛn	vaombruveveș ˈvɔːmbruvɛvɛʃ	vaombruveve ˈvɔːmbruvɛvɛ	vaombruvevuos ˈvɔːmbruvɛvuos	vaombruvevuote ˈvɔːmbruvɛvuotɛ	vaombruvevú ˈvɔːmbruvɛvuː
habitual	indicative	non-past	vánurúriè, vámbrúriè (literary) ˈvaːnuruːri.ɛ ˈvaːmbruːri.ɛ	vánurúrin, vámbrúrin (literary) ˈvaːnuruːrin ˈvaːmbruːrin	vánurúriș, vámbrúriș (literary) ˈvaːnuruːriʃ ˈvaːmbruːriʃ	vánurúri, vámbrúri (literary) ˈvaːnuruːri ˈvaːmbruːri	vánuruvúris, vámbruvúris (literary) ˈvaːnuruvuːris ˈvaːmbruvuːris	vánuruvúrite, vámbruvúrite (literary) ˈvaːnuruvuːritɛ ˈvaːmbruvuːritɛ	vánuruvúri, vámbruvúri (literary) ˈvaːnuruvuːri ˈvaːmbruvuːri
past	vaombruveriè ˈvɔːmbruvɛri.ɛ	vaombruverin ˈvɔːmbruvɛrin	vaombruveriș ˈvɔːmbruvɛriʃ	vaombruveri ˈvɔːmbruvɛri	vaombruvúris ˈvɔːmbruvuːris	vaombruvúrite ˈvɔːmbruvuːritɛ	vaombruvúri ˈvɔːmbruvuːri
subjunctive	non-past	vánuruvariè, vámbruvariè (literary) ˈvaːnuruvari.ɛ ˈvaːmbruvari.ɛ	vánuruvarin, vámbruvarin (literary) ˈvaːnuruvarin ˈvaːmbruvarin	vánuruvariș, vámbruvariș (literary) ˈvaːnuruvariʃ ˈvaːmbruvariʃ	vánuruvari, vámbruvari (literary) ˈvaːnuruvari ˈvaːmbruvari	vánuruvavúris, vámbruvavúris (literary) ˈvaːnuruvavuːris ˈvaːmbruvavuːris	vánuruvavúrite, vámbruvavúrite (literary) ˈvaːnuruvavuːritɛ ˈvaːmbruvavuːritɛ	vánuruvavúri, vámbruvavúri (literary) ˈvaːnuruvavuːri ˈvaːmbruvavuːri
past	vaombruvairiè ˈvɔːmbruvairi.ɛ	vaombruvairin ˈvɔːmbruvairin	vaombruvairiș ˈvɔːmbruvairiʃ	vaombruvairi ˈvɔːmbruvairi	vaombruvavúris ˈvɔːmbruvavuːris	vaombruvavúrite ˈvɔːmbruvavuːritɛ	vaombruvavúri ˈvɔːmbruvavuːri
optative	non-past	vánuruvúriè, vámbruvúriè (literary) ˈvaːnuruvuːri.ɛ ˈvaːmbruvuːri.ɛ	vánuruvúrin, vámbruvúrin (literary) ˈvaːnuruvuːrin ˈvaːmbruvuːrin	vánuruvúriș, vámbruvúriș (literary) ˈvaːnuruvuːriʃ ˈvaːmbruvuːriʃ	vánuruvúri, vámbruvúri (literary) ˈvaːnuruvuːri ˈvaːmbruvuːri	vánuruvovúris, vámbruvovúris (literary) ˈvaːnuruvɔvuːris ˈvaːmbruvɔvuːris	vánuruvovúrite, vámbruvovúrite (literary) ˈvaːnuruvɔvuːritɛ ˈvaːmbruvɔvuːritɛ	vánuruvovúri, vámbruvovúri (literary) ˈvaːnuruvɔvuːri ˈvaːmbruvɔvuːri
past	vaombruveveriè ˈvɔːmbruvɛvɛri.ɛ	vaombruveverin ˈvɔːmbruvɛvɛrin	vaombruveveriș ˈvɔːmbruvɛvɛriʃ	vaombruveveri ˈvɔːmbruvɛvɛri	vaombruvevúris ˈvɔːmbruvɛvuːris	vaombruvevúrite ˈvɔːmbruvɛvuːritɛ	vaombruvevúri ˈvɔːmbruvɛvuːri

From Middle Radestrian vámt, from Old Radestrian vāmtt, from Proto-Radic *vāmht (to wish for), from Proto-Hirdic *bhām- (to consider good), from Proto-Laenkean *bʱag-m̥-, from the Proto-Laenkean root *bʱag- (to be good).

vas¹nouninanimatecountable10/05/2026

vas

Homophones: vas²

GEN.SG vug DAT.SG vá NOM.PL váte | vai ADJ vojeș

anatomy eye

	singular	plural
binary	true
nominative	vas vas	váte ˈvaːtɛ	vai vai
vocative	vase ˈvasɛ
genitive	direct (ɢᴇɴ₁)	vug vɤɡ	vátis ˈvaːtis	vairis ˈvairis
relational (ɢᴇɴ₂)	vais vais
dative	vá vaː	vátín ˈvaːtiːn	vairín ˈvairiːn
accusative	vad vad	vátid ˈvaːtid	vairid ˈvairid
instrumental	vavúr ˈvavuːr	vátíe ˈvaːtiːɛ	vairíe ˈvairiːɛ

From Old Radestrian vass, from Proto-Radic *vahs, from Proto-Hirdic *bháṯəs, from the Proto-Laenkean root *bʱat- (eye).

vas²preposition+ instrumental25/05/2026

vas vɤs

Homophones: vas¹

spatial abstract with (comitative)

case	personal
SG	PL	REFL	RECP
1	2	3	1	2	3
ANIM	INAN	INCL	EXCL	ANIM	INAN
ú	re	vâs	vara	dzun	dzate	sjáște	vír	vara	dzist	dzjed
instrumental	vebuorvas vɛˈbuorvas	rábuorvas ˈraːbuorvas	vâbuorvas vɤˈbuorvas	vabuorvas vaˈbuorvas	dzmerívas dzmɛˈriːvas	dzarívas dzaˈriːvas	sjárívas ˈʃaːriːvas	vírívas ˈviːriːvas	vairívas ˈvairiːvas	dzibuorvas dziˈbuorvas	dzírívas ˈdziːriːvas
case	number	interrogative- existential	demonstrative	quantifier
ANIM	INAN	PROX	DIST	indefinite	general indefinite	collective
ANIM	INAN	ANIM	INAN	ANIM	INAN
bjaș	bjar	kjes	okjes	baus	bvar	bjaș-á	bjar-á	vaus	var
instrumental	SG	bjábuorvas ˈbjaːbuorvas	bibuorvas biˈbuorvas	kaorvas ˈkɔːrvas	okuorvas ɔˈkuorvas	býbuorvas ˈbiːbuorvas	butuorvas buˈtuorvas	bjábuorvas-á ˈbjaːbuorvasaː	bibuorvas-á biˈbuorvasaː	vaobuorvas ˈvɔːbuorvas	ubuorvas uˈbuorvas
PL	bjairívas ˈbjairiːvas	bjerívas bjɛˈriːvas	terívas tɛˈriːvas	oterívas ˈɔtɛriːvas	baurívas ˈbauriːvas	børívas bœˈriːvas	bjairívas-á ˈbjairiːvasaː	bjerívas-á bjɛˈriːvasaː

From Middle Radestrian vas, from Old Radestrian wat, was, from Proto-Radic *wat, from Proto-Hirdic *wot, from the Proto-Laenkean root *wotʼ- (with).

vatverb12/06/2026

vat

NPST.1S vage NPST.3S vaș PST.1S hâlei, rnosei PRESPART rnastivú PSPART rnatúl

Variant: -at¹ (post-consonantal enclitic)

1.copula to be

1. introduces an identity predicate (+ noun or adjective)

Ú þvá vage. I am a doctor.

Re gjoriș-aga. You are tall.

2. introduces a stative predicate (+ adverb)

Virșu hņai vancí vaș. My child is sick.

2.intransitive denotes existence; there be (∃x)

Synonym: dvemt (to exist)

Irolars-aș rasda erja loráleva. There’s breakfast on the table for you.

1. to have (possessor = + dative)

Nraos-en-aș. I have a sister.

2. to wear (wearer = yn (at) + dative, er (on) + dative if headwear)

Rniezs-aș venyn. I am wearing a shirt.

Rjes-aș venger. I am wearing a hat.

3.auxiliary

1. forms the continuous aspect; be (doing) (+ adverbial present participle)

2. forms the perfective aspect; have (done) (+ adverbial past participle)

3.must, have to, shall, should (+ supine)

Synonym: slieaș

nonfinite forms
infinitive	vat vat
connegative	vat does not have a connegative
supine	vatúr ˈvatuːr
participle	present	adjectival	rnastiș^△ ˈrnastiʃ
adverbial	rnastivú^△ ˈrnastivuː
past	adjectival	rnatúș^△ ˈrnatuːʃ
adverbial	rnatúl^△ ˈrnatuːl
finite forms	singular	plural
first	second	third	disjunctive	first	second	third	disjunctive
informal	formal	inclusive	exclusive
ú	re	lește	vâs, vara	gjei, gjen, gjeș …	dzun, sted	dzate	sjáște	vír, vara	gjes, gjete, gje …
simple	imperative		vaga ˈvaɡa	vagúș ˈvaɡuːʃ		vaguoș ˈvaɡuoʃ		vagovú ˈvaɡɔvuː
indicative	non-past	vage ˈvaɡɛ	vaș vaʃ		vaguos ˈvaɡuos	vaguote vaˈɡuotɛ	vagú ˈvaɡuː
past	hâlei^△, rnosei^△ ˈhɤlei ˈrnɔsei	hâlen^△, rnosen^△ ˈhɤlɛn ˈrnɔsɛn	hâleș^△, rnoseș^△ ˈhɤlɛʃ ˈrnɔsɛʃ	hâle^△, rnose^△ ˈhɤlɛ ˈrnɔsɛ	hâluos^△, rnosuos^△ ˈhɤluos ˈrnɔsuos	hâluote^△, rnosuote^△ hɤˈluotɛ rnɔˈsuotɛ	hâlú^△, rnosú^△ ˈhɤluː ˈrnɔsuː
subjunctive	non-past	vagai ˈvaɡai	vagá ˈvaɡaː	vagaș ˈvaɡaʃ	vaga ˈvaɡa	vagavuos ˈvaɡavuos	vagavuote ˈvaɡavuotɛ	vagavú ˈvaɡavuː
past	hâlai^△, rnosai^△ ˈhɤlai ˈrnɔsai	hâlain^△, rnosain^△ ˈhɤlain ˈrnɔsain	hâlaiș^△, rnosaiș^△ ˈhɤlaiʃ ˈrnɔsaiʃ	hâlai^△, rnosai^△ ˈhɤlai ˈrnɔsai	hâlavuos^△ ˈhɤlavuos	hâlavuote^△ ˈhɤlavuotɛ	hâlavú^△ ˈhɤlavuː
optative	non-past	vagúe vaˈɡuːɛ	vagova ˈvaɡɔva	vagúș ˈvaɡuːʃ	vagú ˈvaɡuː	vagovuos ˈvaɡɔvuos	vagovuote ˈvaɡɔvuotɛ	vagovú ˈvaɡɔvuː
past	hâlevei^△, rnosevei^△ ˈhɤlɛvei ˈrnɔsɛvei	hâleven^△, rnoseven^△ ˈhɤlɛvɛn ˈrnɔsɛvɛn	hâleveș^△, rnoseveș^△ ˈhɤlɛvɛʃ ˈrnɔsɛvɛʃ	hâleve^△, rnoseve^△ ˈhɤlɛvɛ ˈrnɔsɛvɛ	hâlevuos^△, rnosevuos^△ ˈhɤlɛvuos ˈrnɔsɛvuos	hâlevuote^△, rnosevuote^△ ˈhɤlɛvuotɛ ˈrnɔsɛvuotɛ	hâlevú^△, rnosevú^△ ˈhɤlɛvuː ˈrnɔsɛvuː
habitual	indicative	non-past	variè^△ ˈvari.ɛ	varin^△ ˈvarin	variș^△ ˈvariʃ	vari^△ ˈvari	vagúris vaˈɡuːris	vagúrite vaˈɡuːritɛ	vagúri vaˈɡuːri
past	hâleriè^△, rnoseriè^△ hɤˈlɛri.ɛ rnɔˈsɛri.ɛ	hâlerin^△, rnoserin^△ ˈhɤlɛrin ˈrnɔsɛrin	hâleriș^△, rnoseriș^△ ˈhɤlɛriʃ ˈrnɔsɛriʃ	hâleri^△, rnoseri^△ ˈhɤlɛri ˈrnɔsɛri	hâlúris^△, rnosúris^△ hɤˈluːris rnɔˈsuːris	hâlúrite^△, rnosúrite^△ hɤˈluːritɛ rnɔˈsuːritɛ	hâlúri^△, rnosúri^△ hɤˈluːri rnɔˈsuːri
subjunctive	non-past	vagariè vaˈɡari.ɛ	vagarin ˈvaɡarin	vagariș ˈvaɡariʃ	vagari ˈvaɡari	vagavúris ˈvaɡavuːris	vagavúrite ˈvaɡavuːritɛ	vagavúri ˈvaɡavuːri
past	hâlairiè^△, rnosairiè^△ hɤˈlairi.ɛ rnɔˈsairi.ɛ	hâlairin^△, rnosairin^△ hɤˈlairin rnɔˈsairin	hâlairiș^△, rnosairiș^△ hɤˈlairiʃ rnɔˈsairiʃ	hâlairi^△, rnosairi^△ hɤˈlairi rnɔˈsairi	hâlavúris^△ ˈhɤlavuːris	hâlavúrite^△ ˈhɤlavuːritɛ	hâlavúri^△ ˈhɤlavuːri
optative	non-past	vagúriè vaˈɡuːri.ɛ	vagúrin vaˈɡuːrin	vagúriș vaˈɡuːriʃ	vagúri vaˈɡuːri	vagovúris ˈvaɡɔvuːris	vagovúrite ˈvaɡɔvuːritɛ	vagovúri ˈvaɡɔvuːri
past	hâleveriè^△, rnoseveriè^△ hɤˈlɛvɛri.ɛ rnɔˈsɛvɛri.ɛ	hâleverin^△, rnoseverin^△ hɤˈlɛvɛrin rnɔˈsɛvɛrin	hâleveriș^△, rnoseveriș^△ hɤˈlɛvɛriʃ rnɔˈsɛvɛriʃ	hâleveri^△, rnoseveri^△ hɤˈlɛvɛri rnɔˈsɛvɛri	hâlevúris^△, rnosevúris^△ ˈhɤlɛvuːris ˈrnɔsɛvuːris	hâlevúrite^△, rnosevúrite^△ ˈhɤlɛvuːritɛ ˈrnɔsɛvuːritɛ	hâlevúri^△, rnosevúri^△ ˈhɤlɛvuːri ˈrnɔsɛvuːri

The neutral past form is hâlei; rnosei is used to contrast the past from the present.

From Middle Radestrian hvatt, from Old Radestrian hlatt, from Proto-Radic *hılht, from Proto-Hirdic *p̄ɯl-, from the Proto-Laenkean root *pɯl- (to be). Suppleted forms from the Proto-Laenkean root *(s)natʼ- (to become).

hjeat

-vaussuffixnominal27/05/2026

-vaus

GEN.SG -vovu DAT.SG -vava NOM.PL -voe

alternative form of -gaus

	singular	plural
nominative	-vaus -vaus	-voe -vɔ.ɛ
vocative	-vause -vausɛ
genitive	direct (ɢᴇɴ₁)	-vovu -vɔvu	-vaviris -vaviris
relational (ɢᴇɴ₂)	-vavis -vavis
dative	-vava -vava	-vavirín -vaviriːn
accusative	-vaud -vaud	-vavirid -vavirid
instrumental	-vavúr -vavuːr	-vaviríe -vaviriːɛ

venișadjectivecomparable14/06/2026

ˈvɛniʃ

COMP vanuobș ADV vení

1.new

2.recent

degree	form
positive	veniș ˈvɛniʃ
comparative	vanuobș vaˈnuopʃ
superlative	vanúvaș vaˈnuːvaʃ
excessive	vanâbyș ˈvanɤbiʃ

singular	plural
inanimate	animate
veniș ˈvɛniʃ	venișe ˈvɛniʃɛ
postposed definite article enclisis
a	a’	ag	ai	i	u
venișa ˈvɛniʃa	venișa’ ˈvɛniʃa	venișag ˈvɛniʃaɡ	venișai ˈvɛniʃai	venișei, veniși (colloquial) ˈvɛniʃei ˈvɛniʃi	venișu ˈvɛniʃu

	singular	plural
inanimate	animate
nominative	venișe ˈvɛniʃɛ
vocative
genitive	direct (ɢᴇɴ₁)	venișk ˈvɛniʃk	venișesk ˈvɛniʃɛsk	venișeris vɛˈniʃɛris
relational (ɢᴇɴ₂)	venișes ˈvɛniʃɛs
dative	venișa ˈvɛniʃa	venișen ˈvɛniʃɛn	venișerín vɛˈniʃɛriːn
accusative	venișt ˈvɛniʃt	venișest ˈvɛniʃɛst	venișerid vɛˈniʃɛrid
instrumental	venișúr ˈvɛniʃuːr	venișevúr vɛˈniʃɛvuːr	venișeríe vɛˈniʃɛriːɛ

From Middle Radestrian veniș, from Old Radestrian venišjer, from Proto-Radic *vènišjir, *væns, from Proto-Hirdic *bhǽnəs, from the Proto-Laenkean root *bʱæ(j)n- (new).

va-

verșenouninanimatecountable29/05/2026

ˈvɛrʃɛ

GEN.SG verșesk NOM.PL verșere

1.case (instance)

2.case (event)

3.grammar grammatical case

Radestrian cases: duomiles (nominative), tvamiles (vocative), veșeles (genitive), raozdeles (dative), erguoles (accusative), valzdiles (instrumental)

	singular	plural
nominative	verșe ˈvɛrʃɛ	verșere ˈvɛrʃɛrɛ
vocative	verșese ˈvɛrʃɛsɛ
genitive	direct (ɢᴇɴ₁)	verșesk ˈvɛrʃɛsk	verșeris ˈvɛrʃɛris
relational (ɢᴇɴ₂)	verșes ˈvɛrʃɛs
dative	verșen ˈvɛrʃɛn	verșerín ˈvɛrʃɛriːn
accusative	verșest ˈvɛrʃɛst	verșerid ˈvɛrʃɛrid
instrumental	verșevúr ˈvɛrʃɛvuːr	verșeríe ˈvɛrʃɛriːɛ

Nominalisation of verșeș, adjectival present participle of vert (to meet).

veșelesnouninanimatecountable29/05/2026

ˈvɛʃɛlɛs

GEN.SG veșelig DAT.SG veșeleva NOM.PL veșelei GEN₂.PL veșeljes

grammar genitive case

Hypernym: verșe (case)

Hyponyms: veșeles úsotjeșe (direct genitive), veșeles aráșeșe (relational genitive)

	singular	plural
nominative	veșeles ˈvɛʃɛlɛs	veșelei ˈvɛʃɛlei
vocative	veșelese vɛˈʃɛlɛsɛ
genitive	direct (ɢᴇɴ₁)	veșelig ˈvɛʃɛliɡ	veșelíris ˈvɛʃɛliːris
relational (ɢᴇɴ₂)	veșeljes ˈvɛʃɛjɛs
dative	veșeleva vɛˈʃɛlɛva	veșelírín ˈvɛʃɛliːriːn
accusative	veșeled ˈvɛʃɛlɛd	veșelírid ˈvɛʃɛliːrid
instrumental	veșelevúr vɛˈʃɛlɛvuːr	veșelíríe ˈvɛʃɛliːriːɛ

veșe (origin) + -les

veșeles aráșeșenouninanimatecountable30/05/2026

ˈvɛʃɛlɛs aˈraːʃɛʃɛ

GEN.SG veșelig aráșeșk DAT.SG veșeleva aráșeșa NOM.PL veșelei aráșeșe GEN₂.PL veșeljes aráșeșes

Radestrian grammar relational genitive case, dependent genitive case (second genitive case)

Synonym: veșeles atieșe (second genitive), veșeles rvúnișe (relational genitive) (less common)

The more common term in English is relational genitive, despite veșeles aráșeșe (dependent genitive) being the more common term in Radestrian.

	singular	plural
nominative	veșeles aráșeșe ˈvɛʃɛlɛs aˈraːʃɛʃɛ	veșelei aráșeșe ˈvɛʃɛlei aˈraːʃɛʃɛ
vocative	veșelese aráșeșe vɛˈʃɛlɛsɛ aˈraːʃɛʃɛ
genitive	direct (ɢᴇɴ₁)	veșelig aráșeșk ˈvɛʃɛliɡ aˈraːʃɛʃk	veșelíris aráșeșeris ˈvɛʃɛliːris aˈraːʃɛʃɛris
relational (ɢᴇɴ₂)	veșeljes aráșeșes ˈvɛʃɛjɛs aˈraːʃɛʃɛs
dative	veșeleva aráșeșa vɛˈʃɛlɛva aˈraːʃɛʃa	veșelírín aráșeșerín ˈvɛʃɛliːriːn aˈraːʃɛʃɛriːn
accusative	veșeled aráșeșt ˈvɛʃɛlɛd aˈraːʃɛʃt	veșelírid aráșeșerid ˈvɛʃɛliːrid aˈraːʃɛʃɛrid
instrumental	veșelevúr aráșeșúr vɛˈʃɛlɛvuːr aˈraːʃɛʃuːr	veșelíríe aráșeșeríe ˈvɛʃɛliːriːɛ aˈraːʃɛʃɛriːɛ

veșeles (genitive) + aráșeș (dependent)

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